Arizona
and New Jersey voted to legalize recreational marijuana, while South
Dakota approved legalization for both recreational and medical use, CNN
projects.
South Dakota will be the first state ever to approve medical and recreational marijuana measures at the same time.
Results
have not yet been determined for Montana's other ballot question
related to legalizing recreational marijuana and Mississippi's medical
marijuana measure.
Pre-election polling showed that the ballot initiatives had support in Arizona, Montana and New Jersey.
The
initiatives would only be the first step in the process, said John
Hudak, deputy director at the Brookings Institution, where he
specializes in state and federal marijuana policy.
After
voters approve the measures, he said, the state legislatures normally
would need to set up regulatory structures within each state. Currently, 11 states have legalized full, adult marijuana use.
New Jersey navigates mail-in ballots
In
New Jersey, where medical use already is legal, state lawmakers, unable
to drum up enough support to pass a bill to fully legalize marijuana,
agreed to place the question directly to voters: "Do you approve
amending the Constitution to legalize a controlled form of marijuana
called 'cannabis'?"
Public Question No. 1 will amend the state constitution to legalize cannabis for personal,
non-medical use by adults 21 and older. The state commission that
oversees the medical market will also regulate the personal market.
Gregg
Edwards, executive director of Don't Let NJ Go to Pot -- the group
formed in opposition to the ballot question -- called the move to change
the state's constitution "pretty extreme."
"Now
cannabis is going to appear in the New Jersey Constitution alongside
the freedom to associate," he said. "And once it's in the Constitution,
the likelihood of it coming out is slim or next to none."
Edwards
said that normally, he would have spoken with parent-teacher
organizations and local chambers of commerce to build support for the
opposition effort, but because of Covid this year this year "they just
haven't been available to us."
"We would have liked to spend the spring, summer and fall talking to folks," he said. "It's just been next to impossible."
The push to legalize enjoyed a healthy lead in the polls.
But organizers -- facing the challenges of expanded mail-in voting in the state due to Covid-19 -- said they had to help voters, some new
to the mail-in-ballot process, find the question on the ballot itself.
Depending on the county, it was likely on the backside of the ballot.
"We
have to drill down on making sure people know they have to flip the
ballot over," said Tara Martin, with NJ CAN 2020, which is leading the
campaign in support of the ballot question.
South Dakota 'leapfrogs'
South Dakota had two measures on the ballot:
-
Measure 26, which would establish a medical cannabis program and registration system for people with qualifying conditions.
-
Amendment A, which would legalize cannabis for all adults and require state legislators to adopt medical cannabis and hemp laws.
By
approving both measures, according to CNN's projections, South Dakota
successfully leapfrogged a traditionally multi-step process.
Many
states have a multi-year path toward full legalization,
starting with decriminalization, by medical use and then full
legalization. No other state has ever completed multiple steps at once.
South Dakota currently has tough penalties for possession of even small amounts of cannabis.
Republican Gov. Kristi Noem opposed both ballot measures, and recently appeared in an advertisement urging a "no" vote against full legalization.
"The fact is, I've never met someone who got smarter for smoking pot," Noem said in the ad. "It's not good for our kids and it's not going to improve our communities."
On
potential passage, Hudak, of the Brookings Institution, said before
Election Day: "It would be a pretty significant step toward
understanding just how progressive people are ready to be, in unlikely
states, around this issue."
Polling strong in Arizona
Arizona's Proposition 207 will allow adults 21 and older to possess, consume or transfer up to 1
ounce of cannabis and create a regulatory system for the drug's
cultivation and sale.
A similar provision failed in 2016 by less than 3 points, but this time around, polling consistently found majority support. An October Monmouth University poll found 56% support for Proposition 207 among registered voters, and 36% opposition.
Advocates
credit higher support for this year's effort to a reworked ballot
question. Besides legalizing marijuana, the proposition would set up a
pathway to strike prior convictions for marijuana from criminal records
and includes a provision for home growers.
Republican Gov. Doug Ducey opposed this year's ballot measure, asking voters to again vote "No."
"The current system with medical marijuana is serving the people who need it for health-related reasons," Ducey wrote in the state's compilation of arguments for and against the measure, provided to voters. "We don't need the wholesale expansion that full-throttle legalization will bring."
Ahead
of Arizona's vote to legalize recreational marijuana use, Julie
Gunnigle, the Democratic candidate for Maricopa County attorney, said
passage would be a powerful bellwether for other parts of the country.
"If Arizona can do it, the rest of the country is ready," said Gunnigle, who supports Proposition 207.
Montana revamps its signature drives
In
Montana, the window to gather the tens of thousands of signatures
needed to place its two legalization questions on the ballot collided
with the early months of the pandemic and stay-at-home orders.
The state had two initiatives:
-
Initiative 190,
which would allow adults in the state to possess and buy cannabis for
recreational use and defined a 20% tax on recreational cannabis. It
would also allow people serving sentences for certain cannabis-related
acts to apply for resentencing or records expungement.
-
Initiative 118,
the second question, would amend the state's constitution to establish
21 as the legal age to purchase, possess and consume cannabis.
Once the state's stay-at-home order was lifted in late April,
organizers had to get creative to collect the 76,400 signatures
required to make the ballot in June. They relaunched the signature drive
with new health protocols in place, including hand sanitizer,
distancing, temperature checks for volunteers and a new pen for every
signer.
"We took a series of steps
to make sure the pandemic didn't take away Montana's constitutional
ballot initiative process," said Matthew Schweich, deputy director at
the Marijuana Policy Project and one of the leaders of the Montana and
South Dakota ballot efforts.
Montana's Chamber of Commerce came out against the ballot questions, citing businesses' concerns about marijuana's impact on the labor force -- a similar concern to the one voiced by Arizona's Chamber of Commerce.
An opposition group at one point put up billboards warning: "Big Marijuana is coming for our youth."
Montana residents voted to legalize medicinal use 15 years ago, though implementation has hit stumbling blocks with state approvals.
Like
Arizona, recent polling showed support for legalization. Among likely
and active Montana voters, 49% support legalization while 39% oppose it,
according to a Montana State University poll released in October.
Mississippi's medicinal push
Mississippians
considered two dueling proposals to legalize medical marijuana. The
state's unique ballot structure asks voters whether they are for
approving either Initiative 65 or Initiative 65A, or against both.
-
Initiative 65 would allow physicians to recommend medical cannabis for patients with
any of 22 qualifying conditions such as cancer, multiple sclerosis and
post-traumatic stress disorder. The constitutional amendment would
establish a regulatory program for businesses to grow and sell medical
cannabis and for the products to be taxed at a 7% rate.
-
Initiative 65A would limit the smoking of medical cannabis to people who are
terminally ill, and would leave the regulatory framework up to the
Legislature.
Even if a person voted against both, they still had the opportunity to choose between the two.
Should
either measure pass, Hudak said, "it would signal a pretty significant
change in politics around cannabis in the South in a way we really
haven't had a good test of yet."
Is it the end of the road for legalization via ballot measure?
Advocates
say they first pursued the piecemeal ballot measure process to legalize
cannabis because it was easier than navigating the time-consuming
efforts in state legislatures. But they're running out of states that
use ballot measures to shape public policy, Hudak said.
Just 26 states have initiative or veto referendum processes at the state level. And already, leaders in New York, Pennsylvania, Connecticut and New Mexico are calling for their states to legalize too.
"Conversations
are getting more serious," Hudak said. "A lot of progress has been made
at the legislative level, even if there's not a lot to show for it."
But
Schweich, of the Marijuana Policy Project, hopes voters' decisions on
Election Day will serve as a tipping point toward a national
conversation.
"The reason there's a
conversation in Congress is because of all of the victories that have
already occured at the state level," Schweich said. "If we can win in
New Jersey, Mississippi, South Dakota, Montana and Arizona, it's going
to send a really loud message to Congress that it's time to fix this at
the federal level in 2021."
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2020-11-06
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